We hypothesized that gender differences exist in emotional experience and emotional expressivity. We also hypothesized that gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity may depend on specific emotions but not valence. All the participants signed an informed consent before participating.
We recruited volunteers at Beijing Normal University through advertisements. A total of volunteers agreed to participate in this study, but only 83 were screened in based on the inclusion criteria. We further excluded four participants with incomplete data because of mechanical failure.
They were all healthy and right-handed, and their vision was normal or corrected normal. For effective emotion induction, the current study used video clips that induced emotional responses [ 3 ]. The selected types of emotion were categorized according to Gross [ 25 ]: sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, surprise, amusement, and pleasure. For each emotion type, two video clips that were between 60 and seconds in length were selected.
A previous study has found that these lengths provided sufficient time for recording physiological responses [ 26 ]. In the present study, we measured emotional responses with both subjective and objective measures. We used the paper version of the Self-Assessment Manikin [ 27 ] for the participants to rate the valence, arousal and motivation, including their ratings of 1 how happy or unhappy they were, 2 how calm or aroused they were, and 3 their desire to approach or avoid the scenes in the video clips.
A 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 not at all to 9 very much was used. We selected Heart Rate HR as the physiological response because it is currently the most common autonomic nervous system marker of emotional processing [ 28 ].
The participants watched the video clips in a room under appropriate lighting condition. They were seated individually and directly in front of the screen. The video clips were displayed on a inch computer screen. Four experimenters, who were trained psychology graduate students at Beijing Normal University, described to the participants that the study purpose was to learn more about emotions. The participants were informed that they should watch the videos carefully, but could look away or shut their eyes if they found the videos too distressing.
They were also told that they could stop the experiment at any time if they felt uncomfortable. After the experiment was completed, the experimenters explained that this study was aimed at examining gender differences in emotional responses.
Each participant received 90 RMB as compensation. Prior to viewing each video, the participants were shown a blank screen for 30 seconds to allow time for them to clear their minds of all thoughts, feelings, and memories. Subsequently, they were asked to remain still or not make any strong movements while watching the video to ensure the quality of HR data. After each video, they were asked to complete the self-report inventory and clear their mind for 30 seconds before watching the next video.
Each participant viewed 16 video clips two video clips per emotion type. The order of the videos was organized so that: 1 no two videos targeting the same emotion were shown consecutively; 2 no more than three videos of a particular valence negative or positive were shown consecutively.
All the videos were counterbalanced for different participants. To eliminate gender differences in the response patterns, we used the results of neutral videos as a control standard. The dependent variable was the difference-value D-value , which represents the score for other types of emotion minus that for neutrality. This method was adopted from a previous study [ 29 ]. Four separate mixed ANOVA tests of gender men and women and emotion type sadness, anger, amusement, surprise, horror, disgust, and pleasure were performed for the valence, arousal, motivation, and HR.
Emotion type was within-subjects factor. We also calculated the correlation between the subjective scale scores and physiological responses.
We calculated the correlation between the subjective assessment scores emotional expressivity and physiological responses emotional experience. The results revealed a nonsignificant correlation between the subjective assessment scores and physiological responses in all types of emotion in men or women. We considered the subjective assessment scores and physiological responses to be inconsistent, meaning the emotional expressivity and emotional experience were inconsistent.
Further analyses were performed to test whether the gender differences in emotional expressivity and emotional experience depend on the emotion types. The results of simple effects analysis are shown in Fig 1. The dependent variable was the D-value of HR between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those that induced neutrality.
The figure shows that the HR declined when the participants watched emotion-inducing videos compared with when they watched neutral videos for both men and women.
Unless marked with an asterisk, no significant differences between these groups were found. Dis: disgust, hor: horror, ang: anger, sur: surprise, amu: amusement, ple: pleasure. Further simple effects analysis is shown in Fig 2. The dependent variable was the D-value of the valence between each type of emotion-inducing videos and the videos inducing neutrality.
Despite the nonsignificant interaction effect, we also performed a simple effects analysis. Fig 3 shows the D-value of arousal between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those that induced neutrality. Further simple effects analysis is shown in Fig 4. The dependent variable was the D-value of motivation between each type of emotion-inducing videos and those inducing neutrality. The figure shows that the emotions of sadness, disgust, horror, and anger induced avoidance motivation compared with neutrality, and the emotions of surprise, amusement, and pleasure induced approach motivation compared with neutrality.
Table 1 summarizes the gender differences for emotional expressivity and emotional experience for each type of emotion. This study extends previous studies on gender differences in emotional responses evaluated according to emotional experience and emotional expressivity. We observed gender differences in emotional responses and found that they depend on specific emotion types but not valence.
Women show relatively stronger emotional expressivity, whereas men have stronger emotional experiences with angry and positive stimuli. The self-report results are identical to those reported in several previous studies. Women often report more intense emotional responses [ 25 ], particularly for negative emotions [ 30 ]. Women in the present study reported higher arousal compared with men on most emotion types. Women also reported lower valence, higher arousal, and stronger avoidance motivation on disgust and horror emotions.
The physiological results, such as the decline in HR while watching emotional stimulus, are also highly similar to those reported in previous studies [ 4 , 10 , 11 ].
This decline reflects the orientation, sustained attention, and action preparation of the viewers [ 10 ]. However, regardless of the valence, men exhibited a larger decline in HR than did women. In the present study, we found no correlation between the subjective assessment scores and physiological responses, regardless of the type of emotion or the gender of the participant. According to Evers et al. The inconsistency between these two aspects is understandable. In support of the conclusion of Evers et al.
The present study also shows that gender differences depend on the emotion type but not the valence. First, for the negative emotions, gender differences were observed in horror and disgust.
However, although men and women had the same emotional experience, women had stronger emotional expressivity, as evidenced by their lower valence scores, higher arousal, and stronger avoidance motivation. Couple records amateur video having sex to show on the internet - 4K Amateur Brazil.
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